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Sugar Beet Variety 2004 Testing
Results
Eric Eldredge,
Clinton Shock, and Monty Saunders
Malheur
Experiment Station
Oregon State
University
Ontario, OR
Introduction
The
sugar beet industry, in cooperation with Oregon State University, tests
commercial and experimental sugar beet varieties at multiple locations each
year to identify varieties with high sugar yield and root quality. A seed
advisory committee evaluates the data each year to select the best varieties
for sugar beet production. This report provides the agronomic practices,
experimental procedures, and sugar beet root yield and quality for the Malheur
Experiment Station location of the 2004 trials.
Methods
Sugar
beet varieties were entered by ACH Seeds, Betaseed, Hilleshog/Syngenta, Holly Hybrids,
and Seedex in 2004. Twenty-nine varieties were tested in the Commercial Trial,
and 31 varieties (including the 4 commercial check varieties) were tested in
the Experimental Trial. Seed for the Commercial Trial was organized by
Amalgamated Sugar Company. Seed of Experimental varieties was sent by the seed
companies.
The
sugar beet trials were grown on an Owyhee silt loam that had grown winter wheat
the year before. The grain stubble was chopped and the field was irrigated and
disked, then 60 lb nitrogen (N)/acre, 50 lb phosphate (P2O5)/acre,
80 lb potash (K2O)/acre, 57 lb sulfur (S)/acre, 8 lb zinc (Zn)/acre,
5 lb copper (Cu)/acre, and 3 lb boron (B)/acre were applied according to fall
soil sampling results. The field was then disked, ripped, plowed, and
groundhogged. On November 7, the soil was fumigated with Telone C17® at 15
gal/acre, and fall bedded on 22-inch rows.
On
March 30, the beds were dragged off using a spike-tooth bed harrow with
3.75-inch angle iron furrow slickers. Preplant herbicide Nortron® at 6
pint/acre was applied and incorporated using the bed harrow. Both the
Experimental Trial and the Commercial Trial were planted on April 1. Seeds were
planted in four-row plots with John Deere model 71 flexi-planter units with
double disc furrow openers and cone seeders fed from a spinner divider that
uniformly distributed the seed. Plots of each variety were 4 rows wide (22-inch
row spacing) by 23 ft long, with a 4-ft alley separating each tier of plots.
The seeding rate was 12 viable seed/ft of row. Each entry was replicated eight
times in a randomized complete block design.
A soil test taken on April 4, 2004, showed pH
7.8, 2.9 percent organic matter, 32 lb nitrate (NO3)/acre available
in the top 2ft of soil, 20 ppm extractable phosphorus (P), 256 ppm exchangeable
potassium (K), 10 ppm sulfate (SO4), 433 ppm magnesium (Mg), 82 ppm
sodium (Na), 4.1 ppm Zn, 5 ppm iron (Fe), 1 ppm manganese (Mn), 0.6 ppm Cu, and
0.8 ppm B.
On
April 5 Counter 20CR® was applied
in a band over the row at 7.4 lb/acre (5 oz/1,000 ft of row). The first
irrigation was applied on April 9, for 24 hours. A 44.5-hour irrigation on
April 12 that was applied to wet the seed rows for more uniform germination was
followed by 0.9 inch of rain April 19-21. On April 27, Poast® herbicide was
applied at 2 pint/acre to control grasses and volunteer wheat. On May 4, a tank
mix of Betamix® at 32
oz/acre, Upbeet® at 0.5
oz/acre, and Stinger® at 3 oz/acre
was applied for weed control. Seedlings were thinned by hand to 1 plant every
6.4 inches on May 10 and 11. On May 11 the plots of two entries in the
Experimental Trial that failed to emerge were replanted with the border
variety, PM21.
The
field was sidedressed with Temik 15G® at 10 lb/acre
on May 13 to control sugar beet root maggot, and the field was irrigated for 24
hours to move the insecticide with the wetting front into the sugar beet
seedlings' root zone. On May 25, urea was sidedressed to supply 182 lb N/acre.
On May 27 the field was cultivated and recorrugated with 9-inch sweeps ahead of
6-inch angle iron furrow slickers. On June 1, Treflan® herbicide was
applied at 1.5 pint/acre and incorporated with the same cultivator.
The
field was furrow irrigated with surge irrigation from gated pipe. Irrigation
was monitored with Watermark soil moisture sensors Model 200SS (Irrometer Co.
Inc., Riverside, CA) connected to an AM400 Hansen datalogger (M.K. Hansen Co.,
Wenatchee, WA) to maintain the soil water potential wetter than -70 centibar
(kPa) at 10-inch depth in the beet row.
A
petiole test was taken on June 14, and Thio-Sul® was applied
in the irrigation water on June 21 to supply 25 lb N plus 33 lb SO4/acre.
Headline® fungicide was applied at 12
oz/acre by aerial applicator on June 25 for control of powdery mildew. On June
28, a second petiole test was taken and the field was recorrugated the final
time. On July 6, 20 lb N/acre, 10 lb P2O5/acre, 10 lb SO4/acre,
0.25 lb Zn/acre, and 0.2 lb B/acre were applied in the irrigation water. A
third petiole test was taken on July 12, and on July 15, 5 lb Mg/acre, 7 lb SO4/acre,
and 0.5 lb B/acre were applied in the irrigation water. On July 17, Topsin-M® fungicide at
20 oz/acre was applied by airplane in a spray mixture that included S at 6
lb/acre, P2O5 at 1.5 lb/acre, and Zn at 0.2 lb/acre. An
aerial application of Headline fungicide at 12 oz/acre plus sulfur at 6 lb/acre
was applied on August 8.
The
final irrigation was applied on September 2. Visual estimates of curly top
virus and powdery mildew foliar symptoms were recorded for each plot in the
Experimental Trial on September 10, and for each plot in the Commercial Trial
on September 16. Bolted beets were counted when the disease ratings were made.
Sugar
beets were harvested from the Experimental Trial on October 13 and 14, and from
the Commercial Trial on October 14 and 15. The foliage was flailed and the
crowns were removed with rotating knives. All sugar beets in the center two
rows of each plot were dug with a two-row wheel-lifter harvester and weighed,
and two eight-beet samples were taken from each plot. Samples were delivered
each day to the Snake River Sugar factory in Nyssa for laboratory analysis of
percent sucrose, nitrate concentration, and conductivity.
The
root weight data were examined for outliers as is customary for calculations of
sugar beet variety data by Amalgamated in these trials. Observations more than
two standard deviations from the mean for each variety were deleted. Sugar
sample data were checked for errors in sugar percentages and conductivity. Any
erroneous sample readings were deleted from the data set. The companion samples
of all missing or deleted sugar data were good, so no plots were lost due to
sugar sample errors.
The
weight of sugar beets from each plot was multiplied by 0.90 to estimate tare.
Sugar concentrations were "factored" by multiplying measured sucrose
by 0.98 to estimate the sugar that would have been lost to respiration if the
beets had been stored in a pile. The data for each plot with two samples were
averaged for analysis. The percent extraction was calculated using the formula:
Ext
= 250 + [(1,255.2 * Cond) -
(15,000 * Sug) - 6,185] / Sug * (98.66 - 7.845 * Cond)
where
Ext is percent extraction, Cond is the electrical conductivity in mmho, and Sug
is the sugar concentration in percent.
Variety
differences in yield, sucrose content, conductivity, percent extraction, and
estimated recoverable sugar were calculated using least-squares means analysis.
Sugar beet performance in both trials was compared to the check varieties ACH
Seeds 'Crystal 217R', Betaseed 'Beta 4490 R', Hilleshog/Syngenta 'HM2986 Rz',
and Seedex 'Raptor Rz'. Reports of previous years' Oregon State University
variety trials are available online at www.cropinfo.net.
Results
Early
stand establishment was slow and erratic. The sixth irrigation, on June 29 (the
first irrigation in the wheel furrows), was effective in wetting the soil and
the soil moisture sensors responded to the irrigation (Fig. 1). Surge
irrigation approximately once a week maintained soil water potential wetter
than -60 kPa through most of the growing season.
Powdery
mildew infection developed on sugar beet foliage in these trials and in
neighboring growers' fields. Curly top virus foliar symptoms were more severe
in the beets this year than is usually seen (Table 1). In the Experimental
Trial, Beta ‘3YK0019’, Beta ‘4YK0023’, Crystal ‘318R’, and Beta ‘4YK0024’ were
among the varieties showing the most severe curly top virus foliar symptoms. SX
Raptor RZ, SX ‘1522’, Crystal 217R, and ‘04HX431RZ’ were among the varieties
showing the most severe powdery mildew symptoms in the Experimental Trial. In
the Commercial Trial, Beta ‘4035R’, Crystal ‘9906R’, Beta ‘4490R’, and Beta
‘4614R’ were among the varieties showing the most severe curly top virus foliar
symptoms. Beta ‘4614R’, Crystal
217R,
Crystal ‘333R’, and ‘Beta ‘4773R’ were among the varieties showing the most
severe powdery mildew symptoms in the Commercial Trial.
Variety
results were grouped by seed company for the Commercial Trial (Table 2) and the
Experimental Trial (Table 3). Within each seed company's varieties, the
varieties are ranked in descending order of estimated recoverable sugar in
pounds per acre. The root weights were tared 10 percent in 2004; in previous
years, a root tare of 5 percent had been applied. The truck loads of border row
beets delivered to the Nyssa factory in 2004 from the same field, dug with the
same harvester, ranged from 5 to 7.9 percent tare, and averaged 6.5 percent
tare.
Root
yield in the Commercial Trial averaged 42.98 tared ton/acre, average sugar
content was 17.95 percent, and average estimated recoverable sugar was 13,345
lb/acre. The varieties yielding among the highest estimated recoverable sugar
in the Commercial Trial were 'Beta 8600', with 14,867 lb/acre, Holly Hybrids
'Acclaim R’ with 14,217 lb/A, and Seedex ‘Cascade' with 14,192 lb/acre.
Data
for the Experimental Trial are reported in Table 3. Root yield in the
Experimental Trial averaged 43.37 tared ton/acre, average sugar content was
17.64 percent, and average estimated recoverable sugar was 13,144 lb/acre. The
varieties yielding among the highest estimated recoverable sugar in the
Experimental Trial were 'HMPM90' with 14,228 lb/acre, ‘HM2993Rz’ with 13,933
lb/acre, '04HX422 R' with 13,920 lb/acre, 'Beta 4YK0024' with 13,760 lb/acre,
‘04HX438 R' with 13,733 lb/acre, ‘HM 2995Rz’ with 13,680 lb/acre, ‘Beta
2YK0016’ with 13,607 lb/acre, and 'HM 2992Rz' with 13,
Figure
1. Sugar beet trials average soil water potential of six Watermark soil
moisture sensors read by an AM400 Hanson datalogger, Oregon State University,
Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR, 2004.
Table
1. Visual evaluations of foliar disease symptoms and bolting in sugar beet
varieties, Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR,
2004.
|
Experimental Trial |
|
Commercial Trial |
||||||
|
10 September |
CT† |
PM‡ |
Bolt§ |
|
16 September |
CT† |
PM‡ |
Bolt§ |
|
HM2986RZ |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.0 |
|
HM1642 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
|
HM2991 RZ |
4.0 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
|
HM2980RZ |
4.1 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
|
HM2992 RZ |
3.9 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
|
HM2984RZ |
1.9 |
2.4 |
0.0 |
|
HM2993 RZ |
0.9 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
|
HM2986RZ |
1.9 |
2.2 |
0.0 |
|
HM2994 RZ |
0.9 |
1.9 |
0.0 |
|
HM2988RZ |
3.8 |
1.6 |
0.0 |
|
HM2995 RZ |
2.9 |
1.9 |
0.0 |
|
HM2989RZ |
2.4 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
|
HM PM90 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
|
HM Alliance |
1.4 |
2.4 |
0.4 |
|
PM21 replant |
1.9 |
1.2 |
0.0 |
|
HM Oasis |
0.9 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
|
PM21 replant |
1.5 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
|
HM Owyhee |
1.2 |
2.4 |
0.0 |
|
03HX353RZ |
1.2 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
|
HM PM21 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
|
04HX422RZ |
1.9 |
1.8 |
0.4 |
|
Acclaim RZ |
1.8 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
|
04HX431RZ |
1.3 |
2.3 |
7.4 |
|
Eagle RZ |
2.5 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
|
04HX434RZ |
1.8 |
1.8 |
0.4 |
|
HH142 RZ |
4.3 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
|
04HX436RZ |
2.3 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
|
Meridian RZ |
1.9 |
1.9 |
0.0 |
|
04HX437RZ |
1.6 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
|
Phoenix RZ |
3.3 |
2.1 |
0.0 |
|
04HX438RZ |
2.2 |
1.9 |
0.0 |
|
Cascade |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.0 |
|
SX Raptor RZ |
3.6 |
3.0 |
0.0 |
|
Puma |
1.2 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
|
SX1521 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
0.0 |
|
Raptor RZ |
4.8 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
|
SX1522 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
0.0 |
|
ACH Mustang |
2.0 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal 217R |
1.8 |
2.3 |
0.8 |
|
Crystal 217R |
2.3 |
3.3 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal 316R |
1.1 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal333R |
3.5 |
3.0 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal 318R |
4.5 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal9906R |
5.8 |
2.9 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal 411R |
1.4 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4035R |
6.4 |
2.8 |
0.0 |
|
Crystal 412R |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4199R |
5.0 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
|
Beta4490R |
3.6 |
1.6 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4490R |
5.8 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 2YK0016 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4614R |
5.1 |
3.8 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 3YK0019 |
5.8 |
1.9 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4773R |
1.8 |
3.0 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 3YK0020 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 8220B |
2.9 |
2.4 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4YK0023 |
5.3 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 8600 |
2.3 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4YK0024 |
4.5 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
|
Mean |
2.9 |
2.2 |
0.0 |
|
Beta 4YK0025 |
3.6 |
1.5 |
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