PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID POPLAR CLONES ON AN

ALKALINE SOIL THROUGH 2006

Clinton C. Shock and Erik B. G. Feibert

Malheur Experiment Station

Oregon State University

Ontario, OR

Introduction

With timber supplies from Pacific Northwest public lands becoming less available, sawmills and timber products companies are searching for alternatives.  Hybrid poplar wood has proven to have desirable characteristics for many nonstructural timber products.  Plantings of hybrid poplar for saw logs have increased in the Treasure Valley.

Many hybrid poplar clones are susceptible to nutrient deficiencies and excesses in alkaline soils, leading to chlorosis, poor growth, and eventual death of trees.  Poor growth on alkaline soil can be partly a result of iron deficiency caused by the low solubility of iron compounds in alkaline soil.  A symptom of iron deficiency is yellow leaves or chlorosis.  This can also be caused by other nutrient problems.  Foliar analyses often reveal high levels of many nutrients in poplar grown on alkaline soils.

Previous clone trials planted in 1995 in Malheur County, Oregon demonstrated that clone OP-367 (hybrid of Populus deltoides x P. nigra) was the only clone performing well on alkaline soils at that time.  Growers in Malheur County have made experimental plantings of hybrid poplars and found that other clones have higher productivity on soils with nearly neutral pH.  New poplar clones are continually being developed.  The current trial seeks to provide poplar growers with updated information on the relative vigor and adaptability of a larger number of clones on alkaline soils.

 

Materials and Methods

 
2003 Procedures
The trial was conducted on Nyssa silt loam with 1.3 percent organic matter and a pH ranging from 7.7 at the top of the field to 8.4 at the bottom.  The field had been planted to wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the fall of 2002.  On March 28, 2003, the wheat was sprayed with Roundup^® at 1.5 lb ai/acre.  Based on a soil analysis, on April 9, 2003, 20 lb Mg, 40 lb K, 1 lb B, and 1 lb Cu per acre were broadcast. The field was again sprayed with Roundup at 1.5 lb ai/acre on April 9.  On April 10, 9-inch poplar sticks of 24 clones (Table 1) were planted in a randomized complete block design with five replicates.  Tree rows were spaced 5 ft apart and trees were spaced 5 ft apart within the rows.  Each plot consisted of four trees two rows wide and two trees long.  Goal^® herbicide at 2 lb ai/acre was applied on April 11.  The field was irrigated with 0.6 inch of water on April 11.

Three of the clones were designated Malheur 1, 2, and 3 corresponding to three selections of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) found growing vigorously in Malheur County.

Drip tubing (Netafim Irrigation, Inc., Fresno, CA) was laid along the tree rows prior to planting.  The drip tubing has two emitters (Netafim On-line button dripper) spaced 12 inches apart for each tree.  Each emitter has a flow rate of 0.5 gal/hour.  The field was irrigated when the soil water tension at 8-inch depth reached 25 kPa.  Each irrigation applied 0.6 inch of water based on an 8-ft² area for each tree.  This irrigation strategy was able to maintain the soil water tension below 25 kPa until around mid-July.  Starting around mid-July the irrigation rate was increased to 1 inch per irrigation.  The increased irrigation rate was not effective in maintaining the soil water tension below 25 kPa due to inadequate irrigation frequency, so starting in mid-August the field was irrigated 5 to 7 times per week until the last irrigation on September 30.  Soil water tension was measured with six Watermark soil moisture sensors model 200SS (Irrometer Co. Riverside, CA) installed at 8-inch depth.  The soil moisture sensors are read every 8 hours by a Hansen Unit datalogger (Mike Hansen Co., Wenatchee, WA).

Analysis of leaf samples (first fully expanded leaf from clone OP-367) taken on July 11 showed the unexpected needs for boron and sulfur fertilization (Table 1).  On July 28, sulfur at 10 lb/acre as ammonium sulfate and boron at 0.2 lb/acre as boric acid were injected through the drip system. 

2004 Procedures
On March 25, 2004, Casoron 4G^® at 4 lb ai/acre was broadcast for weed control.  Based on a soil analysis, N at 80 lb/acre, Cu at 1 lb/acre, and B at 1 lb/acre were injected through the drip tape on May 10.  Analysis of leaf samples (first fully expanded leaf from clone OP-367) on July 8 showed the need for boron (Table 1).  On July 19, boron at 0.2 lb/acre was injected through the drip system.  On August 20, a soil sample consisting of 20 cores was taken from each replicate and analyzed for pH.

On August 10, leaf chlorophyll content was measured on two leaves per tree using a Minolta SPAD 502 DL meter (Konica Minolta Photo Imaging USA, Inc., Mahwah, NJ).  On August 20, trees in all plots were evaluated subjectively for visual symptoms of leaf chlorosis.  On September 10 the trees in all plots were evaluated subjectively for stem defects.  The heights and diameter at breast height (DBH, 4.5 ft from ground) of all trees in each plot were measured in October, 2003 and 2004.  Stem volumes (cubic feet, excluding bark and including stump and top) were calculated for each tree using an equation (stem volume = 10^{(-2.945047+1.803973*LOG10(DBH)+1.238853*LOG10(Height))}) developed for poplars that uses tree height and DBH (Browne 1962).  To evaluate the sensitivity of the clones to soil pH, a regression analysis of leaf chlorophyll content against soil pH was run for each clone separately.  If the regression analysis had a probability level of 5 percent or less, the clone was considered to be sensitive to soil pH.

2005 Procedures
In February the stand was thinned to a 10-ft by 10-ft spacing by removing every other row of trees and every other tree in the remaining rows.  The stumps were painted with a 30 percent by volume 2,4D solution.  On March 24, Casoron 4G at 4 lb ai/acre was broadcast for weed control.  The field was irrigated and the trees were measured as previously described in 2003 and 2004. 

On May 17, three log sections of OP-367 and three of Malheur 3 were sent to the Wood Materials and Engineering Laboratory at Washington State University in Pullman for wood quality testing.  Each log section measured approximately 4 ft in length by 10 inches in diameter.  Log sections for OP-367 were taken from 8-year-old trees at the Malheur Experiment Station.  Log sections for Malheur 3 were taken from the two trees of unknown age from which the original cuttings were taken.  The logs were air dried to 12 percent moisture and cut into 2-inch by 2-inch by 30-inch specimens for the flexure tests and into 2-inch by 2-inch by 6-inch pieces for the hardness tests.  Flexure testing was done by incrementally applying a known load at the center of the 30-inch span and periodically recording the specimen flexure until rupture occurred.  Modulus of elasticity is a measurement of the capacity of the wood to flex and to recover in response to a strain.  The higher the modulus of elasticity, the more rigid is the wood.  Modulus of rupture is a measurement of the maximum load the wood can take before rupturing.  Hardness was determined by measuring the load necessary to embed a steel sphere halfway into the specimen on the radial, tangential, and end surfaces. 

2006 Procedures
On March 24, Casoron 4G at 4 lb ai/acre was broadcast for weed control.  The field was irrigated and the trees were measured as previously described in 2003 and 2004.

All years
Clonal differences in height, DBH, and wood volume were compared using ANOVA and least significant differences at the 5 percent probability level, LSD (0.05).  The LSD (0.05) values at the bottom of Table 2 should be considered when comparisons are made between clones for significant differences in performance characteristics.  Differences between clones equal to or greater than the LSD (0.05) value for a characteristic should exist before any clone is considered different from any other clone in that characteristic.
 

Results and Discussion

 
2004 Leaf chlorophyll measurements
Chlorotic leaves were observed on trees in replicates 2, 3, and 4 of the trial. The soil pH was 7.7, 8.2, 8.4, and 8.4 for replicates 1 to 4, respectively.  Relative leaf chlorophyll content rankings ranged among clones from 25.8 to 49.3 percent (Table 2).  For the clones sensitive to soil pH, leaf chlorophyll content decreased with increasing soil pH.  The leaf chlorophyll content of the clones insensitive to soil pH (12 clones) averaged 42.4 percent.  The leaf chlorophyll content of the clones sensitive to soil pH (12 clones) averaged 31.8 percent.  There was a linear relationship (R² = 0.62, P = 0.001) between leaf chlorophyll content and the visual rating of leaf chlorosis.  The trees insensitive to soil pH averaged a subjective visual rating of leaf chlorosis of 0.52 (0 = no visual symptoms of chlorosis, 5 = very chlorotic).  The trees sensitive to soil pH averaged a visual rating of leaf chlorosis of 2.15.  The three P. deltoides selections from Malheur County had among the darkest green leaves, and leaf sizes were smaller.  For the clones sensitive to soil pH, tree growth decreased with increasing severity of leaf chlorosis and with decreasing leaf chlorophyll content.  For the clones insensitive to soil pH, tree growth was not related to leaf chlorosis or leaf chlorophyll content.

Subjective rating of stem defects (0 = no defects, 2 = more than half of trees have either split or crooked tops) ranged from 0 defects for clone 57-276 to 1.75 for clone 49-177 (Table 1).   

2005 Measurements
Results of the wood quality tests showed that OP-367 was slightly more rigid (higher modulus of elasticity) and stronger (higher modulus of rupture) than Malheur 3 (Table 1).  Malheur 3 was slightly harder than OP-367. 

2006 Measurements
By November of 2006, Malheur 3, 59-289, DN-34, 184-401, and Malheur 2 were significantly taller than OP-367 (Table 2).  By November of 2006, clone Malheur 3 had significantly larger DBH than OP-367.  By November of 2006, clones Malheur 3 and 59-289 had significantly greater wood volume than OP-367.  Clone Malheur 3 had significantly greater wood volume increment than OP-367 in 2006.  Clones Malheur 2, Malheur 3, 184-401, 52-225, 52-280, 59-289, 309-74, NM-6, and DN-34 were among the clones with the highest wood volume increment in 2006.

References

Browne, J.E. 1962. Standard cubic-foot volume tables for the commercial tree species of British Columbia. British Columbia Forest Service, Forest Surveys and Inventory Division, Victoria, B.C.

Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, M. Seddigh, and L.D. Saunders. 2002. Water requirements and growth of irrigated hybrid poplar in a semiarid environment in eastern Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17:46-53.

 

Table 1.  Wood quality characteristics for clones Malheur 3 and OP-367.  Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Ontario, Oregon.