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W1128 Annual Report for 2006, Reducing Barriers to Adoption of Microirrigation

W1128 SAES-422: Participants

Western Regional Research Project

W-1128 2006 Annual Meeting

 Date of Annual Report 12/21/06

Period the Report Covers: 10/2005 to 10/2006

Participants present
Daugherty, LeRoy, (ldaugher@nmsu.edu) Administrative Advisor - New Mexico State University;
Rein, Bradley (brein@csrees.usda.gov) CSREES Representative - USDA-CSREES;
Clark, Gary (gac@ksu.edu) Chairman - Kansas State University;
O'Neill, Mick (moneill@nmsu.edu) Vice Chairman - New Mexico State University;
Porter, Dana (d-porter@tamu.edu) Secretary - Texas A&M University;
Arancibia, Ramon (raranci@uvi.edu) - University of the Virgin Islands;
Berrada, Abdel (Abdel.Berrada@Colostate.edu) - Colorado State University;
Braden, Chris (cbraden@ag.tamu.edu) - Texas A&M University; Fares,
Ali (AFares@Hawaii.edu) - University of Hawaii at Manoa;
Howell, Terry (tahowell@cprl.ars.usda.gov) - USDA-ARS Conservation & Production Research Lab;
Neibling, Howard (hneiblin@uidaho.edu) - University of Idaho;
Schwankl, Larry (schwankl@uckac.edu) - University of California at Davis;
Shackel, Ken (kashackel@ucdavis.edu) - University of California at Davis;
Shock, Clinton (Clinton.Shock@oregonstate.edu) - Oregon State University;
Stanley, Craig (cds@ifas.ufl.edu) - University of Florida;
Taber, Hank (taber@iastate.edu) - Iowa State University

Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting
The meeting opened at 8 am Wednesday, Nov 1, 2006 at the Best Western Sunset Suites Hotel in San Antonio, TX. Attendees introduced themselves. Dr. Chris Braden (Texas A&M Irrigation Technology Center) presented itinerary for the technical tour for Friday, Nov 3. Chair Clark presented the meeting agenda.
 
Comments from Administrative Advisor Leroy Daugherty: Dr. Daugherty provided guidance in addressing project milestones in annual reports. He discussed issues of federal funding and provided a position statement rationale for formula fund distribution. Dr. Daugherty addressed proposed changes in USDA to bring CSREES, ARS, and ERS together administratively for efficiency. This would represent a change in the Farm Bill. The proposal is accessible at www.create-21.org/. Dr. Daugherty indicated integrated projects are viewed more favorably. The Create-21 proposal is supported by Experiment Station leaders. Loss of formula funding would impact state funds, as much state funding is used for matching grants. Create-21 addresses accountability and standardization.
 
Chair Clark reviewed coordination of objectives, outcomes and milestones for 2006. Pilot instrument and survey milestone is progressing satisfactorily; survey will be adapted for use in additional states in 2007. Buried and surface positioned tubing flow rates, filter performance, and treatment practices with wastewater milestone is progressing satisfactorily. Activity toward standardized laboratory testing apparatus for dripline products has been redirected; Dr. Lesikar provided items. Subsurface installation issues coordinators will be contacted for more information. Dripline depth and placement issues are being addressed. Work on mitigation of iron clogging is ahead of schedule. ET and irrigation scheduling: Dr. Shackel is compiling information provided by participants to standardize reporting of water application and water demand (ETr and ETo). He demonstrated http://biomet.ucdavis.edu/, ET spreadsheet and data requirements. Discussion followed about representative irrigated areas for trees, ornamentals without closed canopy. N dynamics and efficiency (and other nutrient issues) are being addressed in IA, CO, FL, and other states. Contributors include Taber, Stanley, Berrada, and O’Neill. Microenvironment and potato are addressed in OR and ID state reports.
 
Milestone assignments for 2007-2008 were discussed. Chair Clark’s proposed categorization of tasks and milestones to facilitate reporting was well supported. Categories, coordinators and objective assignments: microirrigation survey (Rogers, Lamm; Obj. 1); system design and hydraulics (Clark; Obj. 2) crop production issues, including dripline placement, system installation and performance (Colaizzi, Lamm; Obj. 2); ET and irrigation scheduling (Shakel; Obj. 3); nutrient dynamics (Taber; Obj. 3); and soil microenvironment effects (Shock; Obj. 3).
 
Chair Clark said the new microirrigation book is available, and is an excellent reference. All agreed Dr. Lamm is to be commended for contributions.
 
Ken Shackel and Larry Schwankl were appointed to the nominating committee.
 
Comments from CSREES representative Brad Rein: Dr. Rein distributed materials discussing CSREES programming, staff, and competitive grants. Dr. Rein highlighted priorities for 2007; projects must address social issues and barriers. Water is a key topic. Referencing the national integrated food safety initiative, he posed the question, “Can SDI help to reduce risk of food-borne illness?” He advised applicants to allow extra time for the new electronic application process.
 
2007 meeting will be in Oahu, HI, Oct. 10-12, 2007.
 
Minutes from 2005 annual meeting were approved. Thanks were extended to Dr. O’Neill for assembling the 2005 annual report; Dr. Porter for making local arrangements; Dr. Lesikar for paying for the meeting room and refreshments; Dr. Shock for maintaining the W-1128 website; and Dr. Clark for leadership in the project and meeting.
 
Dr. Daugherty reviewed the official list of project participants (App. E).
 
Agenda items for the 2007 meeting: Reports will focus on milestone progress. Coordinators will give progress reports. Products due in 2009: guidelines for design and management of SDI wastewater systems; handbook on maintenance of microirrigation systems; guidelines for treatment; guidelines for microirrigation of potato; progress report on removing barriers; and items needing further research. In 2007 we will address progress toward these deliverables.
 
A new project proposal will be due Jan 15, 2009. Fall 2008 will be devoted to writing new project. Proposal committee will be named in 2007. At the 2007 meeting, we will identify theme and proposed titles/topics.
 
Nominating committee recommendation of Ali Fares for secretary was supported unanimously. Officers for 2007 will be Past Chair Gary Clark; Chair Mick O’Neill; Vice-Chair Dana Porter; and Secretary Ali Fares.
 
Follow-up and planning for next year: Participants will be asked to submit materials to milestone coordinators in August 2007. Meeting arrangements will be made by August so the meeting can be authorized. Presentations and reports from 2006 meeting can be sent to Dr. Shock for posting on the website. Dr. O’Neill recommended that participants bring posters to 2007 meeting to present more information in the time available.
 
State Reports:
 
Hank Tabor (IA): Evaluation of PSNT, SPAD and leaf petiole sap nitrate tests for sweet bell pepper. PSNT proved to be more effective than leaf petiole sap nitrate or SPAD readings in identifying sites where additional sidedress N is necessary for optimum early pepper production. None of the methods were useful in predicting sidedress N for total seasonal yield.
 
Craig Stanley (FL): Effectiveness of BMPs in commercial strawberry production. Evaluating water and N management under a range of soil types and grower cooperators involved using leachate collectors placed under roots (directly under drip emitter, representing worst case scenario). Grower questionnaires indicated most apply fertilizers according to university recommendations. Seasonal N losses were monitored; very little loss was observed. Soil types affected leaching. Results were very consistent.
 
Ramon Arancibia (VI): 1) Benefit of short irrigation period during fruit development of wax jambu in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Irrigation treatments to replace 1.0X and .7X pan evaporation (EP) indicated irrigation promoted 2 fruit peaks, increasing overall yield (mainly in second cycle). 0.7EP resulted in higher WUE than 1.0EP. 2) Effects of water stress on Puerto Rican sweet pepper. Irrigation based upon tensiometer readings at 6” depth resulted in water use of 28%, 15%, 9% EP for 20, 40, 60 KPa tension. Water savings (and increased WUE) were achieved with increased allowable water stress, but lost yield resulted in excessive economic losses.
 
Ali Fares (HI): Soil water sensor performance and software development. Evaluated Theta probe, N-probe, ECH2O probe and EnviroSCAN probe. Temperature scaling was developed for calibration of EnviroSCAN probe. Software approaches included statistics and water balance for irrigation scheduling and for predicting long range irrigation needs. Program calculates daily water balance and probability of drought; it includes irrigation methods and efficiencies, crops, historic ET, crop coefficients, and soil physical properties.
 
Mick O’Neill (NM): ETrs vs. ETos for planted poplar. Rain and irrigation applications approximated ETrs. Water application and soil moisture depletion for hybrid poplar indicated very good matching of ET-based irrigation and water uptake. Delta T soil moisture device was compared with N-probe. Dendrometer readings to measure tree trunk radial growth indicated the instruments performed well.
 
Ken Shackel (CA): Plant and soil water measurements. Research addressed lysimeter data and pressure bomb measurements compared at irrigation rates of 50-125% lysimeter ET; stem water potential in peppers; irrigation scheduling for almond trees; RDI moderate stress during hull split vs. control (near non-stressed baseline); and automated weather data and valve controls by remote.
 
Clint Shock (OR): Drip irrigation for native plant seed production; good results with very low levels of irrigation; reduced weed seed in native plant seed production. Performance of drip irrigated hybrid poplar clones in alkaline soil; effect of short duration water stress on onion quality; and effect of Auxigro on drip irrigated onion. Potato research: weed control; variety performance and harvest; comparison of tape flow rates; variety bulking and planting date; planting configuration and populations; comparison of drip, sprinkler and furrow irrigation; role of bed configurations and tuber microclimate. Conclusion: potatoes performed best planted in flat beds and irrigated with drip irrigation.
 
Dana Porter (TX): SDI irrigation of cotton in a coarse textured soil (complementing related work on finer soils); cotton plant population by variety by irrigation rate (answering producer questions concerning optimal cotton production with subsurface drip irrigation); and system configuration for conducting SDI chemigation studies.
 
Terry Howell (USDA-ARS, TX): Research conducted at USDA-ARS, Bushland, TX: relationships between tall and short reference ET values; evaluation of dripline placement; planting bed configurations (twin rows and SDI alternate furrows); SDI tape depth (15, 22, 30 cm) to address concerns of crop emergence and performance; and water balance from SDI (including rainfall runoff and soil water balance). Discussion of effective precipitation followed.
 
Larry Schwankl (CA): Iron clogging in microirrigation. Phosphonic acid, phosphonates used continuously at low concentrations may keep iron in solution or interfere with crystal formation. Products (Microclean, Lineout, Sureflow, DripRite 3000) were field tested in 2 drip irrigated vineyards. One had 2-3 ppm iron; second had 18 ppm iron (very high concentration). All products worked well on 2-3 ppm iron water; they also worked well on 18 ppm iron water, although iron precipitation clogging at lateral ends was noted. Phosphonic acid products are effective in mitigating iron clogging problems; chlorine interferes with these products.
 
Howard Neibling (ID): Turf grass irrigation and supplemental drip irrigation for trees; irrigation in mixed plant landscapes; and use of ET in lawn irrigation. Applications of SDI in forage, hay and pastures enhance production while protecting water quality. Extension efforts include irrigation scheduling using Watermarks and Hansen data loggers, and convenient laminated reference cards to help growers use these tools.
 
Abdel Berrada (CO): Drip irrigation to reduce movement of pollutants in the Patterson Hollow watershed of the Arkansas River Basin. Issues include salinity, nitrate, sediment and pollutant loading exacerbated by furrow irrigation. Effects of irrigation type, scheduling, N rate, manure rate and interactions on salt and nitrate levels in the root zone. High soil EC related to high manure rates; potentially more leaching (less salt accumulation in root zone) with furrow irrigation as compared to SDI.
 
Gary Clark (KSU): 1) Irrigation of Poplar tress with livestock lagoon wastewater. Trees grown in lysimeters were irrigated with fresh water only, fresh water mixed with wastewater, and wastewater only. Wastewater treatments resulted in higher water use and higher plant biomass, probably due to nutrient availability. Salt accumulation was higher with wastewater treatments. 2) Treatment of livestock lagoon wastewater with acid and chlorine. Greater than 1 ppm free residual chlorine is needed to minimize bacterial growth in wastewater. Acidifying wastewater to pH 2 reduced required chlorine additions.
 
Technical tour: Sites visited included the TAMU Irrigation Technology Center Drought Simulator and Von Ormy Growers nursery.
 
 
Accomplishments
 
Accomplishments toward Milestones
 
Pilot survey instrument
 
The microirrigation pilot survey instrument has been used in Kansas and Colorado. It will be distributed to the other states for modification (as needed) and use in 2007.  Results from multi-state survey will be compiled in 2008.
 
Buried and surface positioned tubing flow rates, filter performance, and treatment practices with wastewater
 
Filtration of surface water for microirrigation (D. Hills, UC Davis): Research relating disk filtration to screen filtration focused on cleaning ability and on an initial field study. Laboratory investigations focused on rotational and longitudinal movements of filters within a cleaning chamber under different water jet scenarios for removing Spirogyra algae from partially clogged screen surfaces. Results still need to be studied, but without question the disk filters were cleaned with much less water and energy than the equivalent screen filters. This investigation was later extended to the field, using surface water with natural occurring algae contaminates. The initial field results were similar to those of the earlier laboratory work with definable algal enriched water. Future plans are to analyze all the data within the next several months before proceeding further on the project.
 
Treatment of livestock lagoon wastewater to reduce bacterial growths (G. Clark, KSU):
Samples of livestock lagoon wastewater were treated acid to determine the amount of chlorine needed to achieve a free chlorine residual of 1 mg/kg. Lagoon water treated with only chlorine required 1250 mg/kg of NaOCl while lagoon water that was pretreated with acid to achieve a ph of 2 only required 173 mg/kg of NaOCl. In a following study, livestock lagoon water was again treated with chlorine both with and without the acid pretreatment. Chlorine treatments were designed to have free chlorine residuals less than 1 mg/kg, equal to 1 mg/kg, and greater than 1 mg/kg. Treated samples were plated for microbial growths and were sampled at zero, 2, 12, and 26 weeks. Bacterial populations were zero or minimal in all cases when the free residual chlorine was >1 mg/kg. Pretreatment with acid to a pH of 2 reduced chlorine treatment requirements from 2260 to 330 mg/kg of NaOCl.
 
Characterization of wastewater subsurface drip emitters and design approaches concerning system application uniformity (Duan and Lesikar, TAMU): Efforts addressed performance of wastewater subsurface drip emitters at low and normal pressure, design approaches on wastewater subsurface drip zone concerning system application uniformity, and characterization of wastewater subsurface drip emitters. Results indicated emitter performance based on the uniformity coefficient were excellent, however tested flow rates of four emitter models tested had discrepancies to the nominal discharge rates. In evaluation of drip zone dosing cycle design factors (supply line length, operation pressure and pressure control scheme); supply line length had the least influence on the dose time required for design zone application uniformity.
 
Standardized lab testing apparatus for dripline products
 
Wastewater Drip Emitter Characterization (Duan and Lesikar, TAMU): Five drip tape products with different characteristics were using a laboratory-scale apparatus fitted with 10 lines of wastewater drip tubing, each 3.04 m in length. An apparatus used to determine emitter flow rates and lateral end pressures in the laboratory was modified from previous work. Each lateral was attached between a supply and return manifold system. Laterals were isolated using ball valves located before each lateral so that the same pressure gauge could be linked to each single line to measure operating pressure. To quantify the uniformity of this drip system, the catch-can method of uniformity testing was as described by both the American Society for Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) and the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (ASAE, 1999). Small pieces of cotton string were attached to individual emitters to direct discharged water down into the catch cans located in a mobile catch basin. The strings were saturated before each sampling event. The water samples collected in containers were weighed on an electric balance with measurement accuracy of ±0.01 gram and converted to volume. A pressure gauge was installed on the supply manifold to allow a periodic check of the operating pressure.
 
Crop production issues, including dripline depth and placement, system installation and performance
 
SDI Bed Design Comparison for Soybean Emergence and Yield (Colaizzi, Evett, and Howell, USDA-ARS, TX): Crop emergence rates and soil wetting patterns were evaluated for three drip tape lateral and bed configurations, three tape depths (15, 22, 30 cm), and over a range of irrigation levels (dryland to full crop ET replacement).  Results indicated that the wide bed configuration had greater plant emergence than standard bed, but bed design and tape lateral depth did not affect overall yield. Irrigation levels did affect yield. 
 
Iron clogging mitigation strategies
 
Iron clogging in microirrigation (Schwankl, UC-Davis): Phosphonic acid, phosphonates used continuously at low concentrations may keep iron in solution or interfere with crystal formation. Products (Microclean, Lineout, Sureflow, DripRite 3000) were field tested in 2 drip irrigated vineyards. One had 2-3 ppm iron; second had 18 ppm iron (very high concentration). All products worked well on 2-3 ppm iron water; they also worked well on 18 ppm iron water, although iron precipitation clogging at lateral ends was noted. Phosphonic acid products are effective in mitigating iron clogging problems; chlorine interferes with these products.
 
ET and Irrigation Scheduling
 
Compilation and analysis of ET scheduling data from W-128 projects (Shackel, UC-Davis): Irrigation and weather data were compiled and analyzed begin to standardize reporting of water application and water demand (ETr and ETo). Daily reference ET values were calculated using the Biomet spreadsheet (available at http://biomet.ucdavis.edu/). Using these tools, irrigation treatments, ETrs and ETos based on daily weather data inputs, were compiled for various experiments for the 2005 crop season. States participating (and crops included) in this effort were California (almonds), Colorado (field corn and onion), Florida (magnolia), Hawaii (sweet corn, vegetables), Idaho (potato, turf), Kansas (field corn, soybean), New Mexico (poplar, pecan), Oregon (potato, onion), and Texas (cotton).
 
Plant and soil water measurements (Shackel, UC-Davis): Research addressed lysimeter data and pressure bomb measurements compared at irrigation rates of 50-125% lysimeter ET; stem water potential in peppers; irrigation scheduling for almond trees; RDI moderate stress during hull split vs. control (near non-stressed baseline); and automated weather data and valve controls by remote.
 
Nitrogen dynamics and efficiency
 
Comparison of the sidedress N management tools (Taber, IA): Comparison of soil NO3-N test (PSNT), leaf petiole sap NO3-N, and leaf SPAD (chlorophyll meter) indicated that for bell peppers grown in IA that the PSNT was superior to the other two in identifying sites responsive to additional N. Fields with a soil NO3-N concentration > 20 ppm, at the initial flowering stage of growth, did not require additional sidedress N for optimum yield.
 
N management in commercial strawberry production (Stanley, UFL): Results from the second year of a 4-year study to monitor, by passive wick leachate collectors, seasonal nitrate-N losses in leachate from commercial microirrigated strawberry showed that nitrate-N losses ranged from 20 kg/ha (~13% of applied N) to < 1 kg/ha depending on irrigation management intensity. The majority of the twenty-one sites had nitrate-N losses below 5 kg/ha or < 3% seasonal losses.
 
Use of SPAD meters to monitor symptoms of leaf chlorosis (O’Neill, NM): Since 2003, the SPAD meter has been used to monitor symptoms of leaf chlorosis resembling Fe deficiency in test plots of hybrid poplar at the Agricultural Science Center, Farmington. The soils are typically elevated in pH and contain variable carbonate levels that interfere with micronutrient solubility and plant uptake. The SPAD meter was used to evaluate Fe-deficient chlorosis exhibited by two hybrid poplar clones grown in the greenhouse and compared to chlorophyll a, b, and Beta-carotene extracted from leaf disks. SPAD values correlated highly with pigments and foliar elements though responses varied between hybrids and soil treatments. Based on the total chlorophyll content, SPAD calibration numbers were determined for each hybrid. 
 
Soil micro-environmental effects and microirrigation of potato
 
Soil micro-environmental effects and microirrigation of potato (Shock, OR): Potato research activities included weed control; variety performance and harvest; comparison of tape flow rates; variety bulking and planting date; planting configuration and populations; comparison of drip, sprinkler and furrow irrigation; role of bed configurations and tuber microclimate. Based upon results from bed configurations and irrigation treatments tested, potatoes performed best planted in flat beds and irrigated with drip irrigation. Flat beds appear to provide cooler soil temperatures near developing tubers.
 
 
Impacts
 
IA: In IA, crop N efficiency can be improved, compared to the standard grower practice of routinely adding additional N, if the PSNT monitoring tool is employed in making the sidedress N decision.
 
FL: Florida strawberry growers are currently using BMP’s to reduce seasonal nitrate-N losses below 3%.
 
NM: The Minolta SPAD meter is routinely used to evaluate hybrid poplar clones for levels of chlorosis caused by Fe deficiencies in calcareous soils common to arid and semi-arid regions.
 
OR: Observations for onion growers’ records showed that growers used 115 kg/ha less fertilizer N when irrigated with SDI than with furrow irrigation. Microirrigation has the potential to reduce water use, leaving more water in streams and reservoirs. Surface water contamination of streams can be less with micro irrigation and groundwater contamination by nitrate and pesticides can be sharply lower. The environmental benefits of microirrigation can only be achieved if micro irrigation proves to be economically feasible through reductions in other costs not related to the added costs of the micro irrigation system and improvements in crop yield or quality. Drip-irrigated onion has expanded, with vastly reduced N inputs and no irrigation-induced erosion and associated pollutant runoff. Thirty to 40 percent less water was required using SDI.
 
VI: Managing irrigation according to crop requirements (evapotranspiration) will increase water use efficiency and is expected to reduce technical and water management barriers associated with micro-irrigation in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Expanding the production season into the dry season for a year-round supply of fruits and vegetables will impact directly on the local economy by reducing imports from the U.S. mainland and Caribbean countries.
 
TX: In the Texas Southern High Plains, rapid adoption of subsurface drip irrigation primarily for cotton production has been observed in recent years. Research programs in the region have produced engineering recommendations regarding design, maintenance, and management of SDI systems, as well as agronomic recommendations addressing fertility, crop variety selection, and plant population.
 
 
Publications
 
Ayars, J. E., D. A. Bucks, F. R. Lamm, and F.S. Nakayama.  2006. Introduction.  Chapter 1 in Microirrigation for Crop Production - Design, Operation and Management. F.R. Lamm, J.E. Ayars, and F.S. Nakayama (Eds.), Elsevier Publications. pp. 1-26.
 
Bordovsky, J.P. and D.O. Porter. 2006. Comparison of Subsurface Drip Irrigation Uniformity Designs on Cotton Production on the Texas South Plains. ASABE Paper # 06-2276. Presented at: 2006 Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Portland, OR. July 9-12, 2006
 
Clark, G. A., F. R. Lamm, and D. H. Rogers. 2005. Sensitivity of thin-walled drip tape emitter discharge to water temperature. Appl. Engr in Agric. 21(5):855-863.
 
Colaizzi, P.D., S.R. Evett, and T.A. Howell. 2006. SDI Bed Design Comparison for Soybean Emergence and Yield. ASABE Paper # 06-2279. Presented at: 2006 Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Portland, OR. July 9-12, 2006
 
Colaizzi, P.D., S.R. Evett, and T.A. Howell. 2006. Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) Research at USDA-ARS in Bushland, TX. Presented at: 2006 International Conference on Water in Arid and Semiarid Lands, 15-17 Nov, Lubbock, TX, Texas Tech University International Center for Arid and Semiarid Land Studies (ICASALS).
 
Colaizzi, P. D., P. H. Gowda, T. H. Marek, and D. O. Porter. 2006. Reducing Ogallala withdrawals by changing cropping and irrigation practices in the Texas High Plains. In Ground Water and Surface Water Under Stress: Competition, Interaction, Solutions (Wichelns, D. and Anderson, S. S., eds.), 25-28 Oct., Boise, ID. U. S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, Denver, CO. pp. 113-126.
 
Colaizzi, P. D., F. R Lamm, T. A. Howell, and S. R. Evett. 2006. Crop production comparison under various irrigation systems. In: Proc. Central Plains Irrigation Conference, Colby, KS., Feb. 21-22, 2006. Available from CPIA, 760 N.Thompson, Colby, KS. pp. 189-207.
 
Feibert, E.B.G., C.C. Shock, L.D. Saunders, and L.B. Jensen. 2006. The Effectiveness of Root Feed II and STO-5 for Onion Production When Injected into a Drip-irrigation System. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:129-133. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2005/RootFeedOnion05.html
 
Jensen, Lynn, L.B., E.B.G. Feibert, C.C. Shock and L.D. Saunders. 2006. A One-year Study on the Effectiveness of Vydate L (Oxamyl) to Control Thrips in Onions When Injected into a Drip-irrigation System. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:109-115. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2005/EffectOxymyl05.html
 
Lamm, F. R., J. E. Ayars, and F. S. Nakayama (Eds.). 2006 Microirrigation for Crop Production - Design, Operation and Management. Elsevier Publications. 608 pp.
 
Lamm, F.R. and C.R. Camp. 2006. Subsurface drip irrigation. Chapter 13 in Microirrigation for Crop Production - Design, Operation and Management. F.R. Lamm, J.E. Ayars, and F.S. Nakayama (Eds.), Elsevier Publications. pp. 473-551.
 
Lamm, F. R. and T. P. Trooien. 2005. Dripline depth effects on corn production when crop establishment is nonlimiting. Appl. Engr in Agric. 21(5):835-840.
 
Lamm, F. R. and R. M. Aiken. 2005. Effect of irrigation frequency for limited subsurface drip irrigation of corn. In Proc. Irrigation Assn. Int’l. Irrigation Technical Conf., November 6-8, 2005, Phoenix, AZ.  IA Paper No. IA05-1264. 10 pp.
 
Lamm, F.R. 2006. Progress with SDI research at Kansas State University. In: Proc. Central Plains Irrigation Conference, Colby, KS., Feb. 21-22, 2006. Available from CPIA, 760 N.Thompson, Colby, KS. pp. 67-85.
 
Lamm, F. R., D. M. O’Brien, D. H. Rogers, and T. J . Dumler. 2006. Using the K-State center pivot sprinkler and SDI economic comparison spreadsheet. In: Proc. Central Plains Irrigation Conference, Colby, KS., Feb. 21-22, 2006. Available from CPIA, 760 N.Thompson, Colby, KS. pp. 86-93.
 
Lamm, F. R. T. P. Trooien, and A. J. Schlegel. 2006. Applying swine effluent with SDI and LEPA sprinkler irrigation. Proc. 27th Annual Int’l. Irrigation Assoc. Tech. Conf., San Antonio, Texas, November 5-7, 2008. Paper No. IA06-1517. Proceedings available on CD-Rom from Irrigation Association, Falls Church, Virginia.
 
Pereira, A.B., C.C. Shock, E.P. Eldredge, and L.D. Saunders. 2006. Effect of irrigation systems and cultural practices on potato performance. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:177-186.
 
Pereira, A.B., C.C. Shock, E.B.G. Feibert, R.J. Flock, L.A. Lima, and N. Fernandes. 2006. Monitoramento da irrigação por meio da tensão da água do solo. Editora UEPG, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. ISBN: 85-86941-78-6. 20p.
 
Porter, D. and T. Marek. 2006. Irrigation Management with Saline Water. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Central Plains Irrigation Conference and Exposition.  Colby, Kansas.  February 21-22, 2006. 
 
Rogers, D. H. and F. R. Lamm. 2006. Criteria for successful adoption of SDI systems. In: Proc. Central Plains Irrigation Conference, Colby, KS., Feb. 21-22, 2006. Available from CPIA, 760 N.Thompson, Colby, KS. pp. 57-66.
 
Rogers, D., F. Lamm, T. Trooien, and M. Alam. 2006. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) with livestock wastewater. KSU Cooperative Extension, Manhattan, KS. MF2727. 4 pp.
 
Shock, C.C., R.J. Flock, E.P. Eldredge, A.B. Pereira, and L.B. Jensen. 2006. Drip Irrigation Guide for Potatoes in the Treasure Valley. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis. EM 8912-E. 6p. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8912-e.pdf
 
Shock, C.C. 2006. Drip Irrigation: An Introduction. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis. EM 8782-E (Revised October 2006) 8p. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8782-e.pdf
 
Shock, C.C., A.B. Pereira, E.B.G. Feibert and R.J. Flock. 2006. Irrigação por goteijamento na produção de alamo; guia prático. Editora UEPG, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brasil, ISBN: 85-86941-70 16p.
 
Shock, C.C. R. Flock, E.B.G. Feibert, C.A. Shock, A.B. Pereira y L. Jensen. 2006. El control del riego mediante la tensión matricial del suelo. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis. EM 8900-S-E. 8p. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8900-s-e.pdf
 
Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, L.D. Saunders and J. Klauzer. 2006. Alfalfa seed quality favored by water stress. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:9-26. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2005/Alfseed3yr.htm
 
Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 2006. Subsurface drip irrigation for native forb seed production. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:39-41. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2005/ForbsSDI05.html
 
Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders. 2006. Micro-irrigation alternatives for hybrid poplar production 2005 trial. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:139-151. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2005/Popirr2005.html
 
Shock, C.C., E.B.G. Feibert, and L.D. Saunders 2006. Water management for drip-irrigated spring wheat. In Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1062:241-247. http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2005/WheatDripIrr05.html
 
Taber, H.G. 2005. Vegetable irrigation scheduling. Presented at IA_IL Fruit and Vegetable Symposium, Bettendorf, IA, Dec 1, 2005
 
Taber, H.G. 2006. Potassium application and leaf sufficiency level for fresh-market tomatoes grown on a Midwestern United States fine-textured soil. HortTechnology 16: 247-252.
 
Taber, H.G. and V. Lawson. 2006. Irrigation scheduling for optimum sweet bell pepper production. Proc. Nat’l. Agr. Plastics Congr. 33: CD format.
 
 

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